Some of the Wireless protocols which corresponds to the IEEE 802.15.1. are, Bluetooth, UWB, ZigBee, and Wi-Fi protocols,
The IEEE defines only the PHY and MAC layers in its standards. For each protocol, separate alliances of companies worked to develop specifications covering the network, security and application profile layers so that the commercial potential of the standards could be realized.
Bluetooth over IEEE 802.15.1 Bluetooth, also known as the IEEE 802.15.1 standard is based on a wireless radio system designed for short-range and cheap devices to replace cables for computer peripherals, such as mice, keyboards, joysticks, and printers.
This range of applications is known as wireless personal area network (WPAN). Two connectivity topologies are defined in Bluetooth: the piconet and scatternet.
A piconet is a WPAN formed by a Bluetooth device serving as a master in the piconet and one or more Bluetooth devices serving as slaves. A frequency-hopping channel based on the address of the master defines each piconet. All devices participating in communications in a given piconet are synchronized using the clock of the master. Slaves communicate only with their master in a point-to-point fashion under the control of the master. The master’s transmissions may be either point-to-point or point-tomultipoint. Also, besides in an active mode, a slave device can be in the parked or standby modes so as to reduce power consumptions. A scatternet is a collection of operational Bluetooth piconets overlapping in time and space. Two piconets can be connected to form a scatternet. A Bluetooth device may participate in several piconets at the same time, thus allowing for the possibility that information could flow beyond the coverage area of the single piconet. A device in a scatternet could be a slave in several piconets, but master in only one of them.
UWB over IEEE 802.15.3 UWB has recently attracted much attention as an indoor short-range high-speed wireless communication.
One of the most exciting characteristics of UWB is that its bandwidth is over 110 Mbps (up to 480 Mbps) which can satisfy most of the multimedia applications such as audio and video delivery in home networking and it can also act as a wireless cable replacement of high speed serial bus such as USB 2.0 and IEEE 1394.
Following the United States and the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) frequency allocation for UWB in February 2002, the Electronic Communications Committee (ECC TG3) is progressing in the elaboration of a regulation for the UWB technology in Europe.
From an implementation point of view, several solutions have been developed in order to use the UWB technology in compliance with the FCC’s regulatory requirements. Among the existing PHY solutions, in IEEE 802.15 Task Group 3a (TG3a), multiband orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (MB-OFDM), a carrier-based system dividing UWB bandwidth to sub-bands, and direct-sequence UWB (DS-UWB), an impulse-based system that multiplies an input bit with the spreading code and transmits the data by modulating the element of the symbol with a short pulse have been proposed by the WiMedia Alliance and the UWB Forum, respectively.
The TG3a was established in January 2003 to define an alternative PHY layer of 802.15.3. However, after three years of a jammed process in IEEE 802.15.3a, supporters of both proposals, MB-OFDM and DS-UWB, supported the shut down of the IEEE 802.15.3a task group without conclusion in January 2006. On the other hand, IEEE 802.15.3b, the amendment to the 802.15.3 MAC sublayer has been approved and released in March 2006.
ZigBee over IEEE 802.15.4 ZigBee over IEEE 802.15.4, defines specifications for lowrate WPAN (LR-WPAN) for supporting simple devices that consume minimal power and typically operate in the personal operating space (POS) of 10m.
ZigBee provides self-organized, multi-hop, and reliable mesh networking with long battery lifetime [8-9]. Two different device types can participate in an LR-WPAN network: a full-function device (FFD) and a reduced-function device (RFD).
The FFD can operate in three modes serving as a PAN coordinator, a coordinator, or a device. An FFD can talk to RFDs or other FFDs, while an RFD can talk only to an FFD. An RFD is intended for applications that are extremely simple, such as a light switch or a passive infrared sensor. They do not have the need to send large amounts of data and may only associate with a single FFD at a time. Consequently, the RFD can be implemented using minimal resources and memory capacity. After an FFD is activated for the first time, it may establish its own network and become the PAN coordinator. All star networks operate independently from all other star networks currently in operation. This is achieved by choosing a PAN identifier, which is not currently used by any other network within the radio sphere of influence.
Once the PAN identifier is chosen, the PAN coordinator can allow other devices to join its network. An RFD may connect to a cluster tree network as a leave node at the end of a branch, because it may only associate with one FFD at a time. Any of the FFDs may act as a coordinator and provide synchronization services to other devices or other coordinators. Only one of these coordinators can be the overall PAN coordinator, which may have greater computational resources than any other device in the PAN.
Wi-Fi over IEEE 802.11a/b/g Wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) includes IEEE 802.11a/b/g standards for wireless local area networks (WLAN). It allows users to surf the Internet at broadband speeds when connected to an access point (AP) or in ad hoc mode. The IEEE 802.11 architecture consists of several components that interact to provide a wireless LAN that supports station mobility transparently to upper layers. The basic cell of an IEEE 802.11 LAN is called a basic service set (BSS), which is a set of mobile or fixed stations. If a station moves out of its BSS, it can no longer directly communicate with other members of the BSS. Based on the BSS, IEEE 802.11 employs the independent basic service set (IBSS) and extended service set (ESS) network configurations. As shown in Fig. 1, the IBSS operation is possible when IEEE 802.11 stations are able to communicate directly without any AP. Because this type of IEEE 802.11 LAN is often formed without pre-planning, for only as long as the LAN is needed, this type of operation is often referred to as an ad hoc network. Instead of existing independently, a BSS may also form a component of an extended form of network that is built with multiple BSSs. The architectural component used to interconnect BSSs is the distribution system (DS). The DS with APs allow IEEE 802.11 to create an ESS network of arbitrary size and complexity. This type of operation is often referred to as an infrastructure network.
IEEE 802.11 refers to a set of standards defined by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) for implementing wireless local area network (WLAN) computer communication in various frequency bands including 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 6 GHz. These standards outline the protocols for building and operating WLANs. The architecture of IEEE 802.11 primarily involves components and several key concepts that help in managing wireless communications.
Key Components of IEEE 802.11 Network Architecture